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Diphtheria

Respiratory diphtheria; Pharyngeal diphtheria; Diphtheric cardiomyopathy; Diphtheric polyneuropathy

 

Diphtheria is an acute infection caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae .

Causes

 

The bacteria that cause diphtheria spread through respiratory droplets (such as from a cough or sneeze) of an infected person or someone who carries the bacteria but has no symptoms.

The bacteria most commonly infects your nose and throat. The throat infection causes a gray to black, tough, fiber-like covering, which can block your airways. In some cases, diphtheria infects your skin first and causes skin lesions .

Once you are infected, the bacteria make dangerous substances called toxins. The toxins spread through your bloodstream to other organs, such as the heart and brain, and cause damage.

Because of widespread vaccination (immunization) of children, diphtheria is now rare in many parts of the world.

Risk factors for diphtheria include crowded environments, poor hygiene, and lack of immunization.

 

Symptoms

 

Symptoms usually occur 1 to 7 days after the bacteria enter your body:

  • Fever and chills
  • Sore throat, hoarseness
  • Painful swallowing
  • Croup-like (barking) cough
  • Drooling (suggests airway blockage is about to occur)
  • Bluish coloration of the skin
  • Bloody, watery drainage from nose
  • Breathing problems, including difficulty breathing, fast breathing, high-pitched breathing sound (stridor)
  • Skin sores (usually seen in tropical areas)

Sometimes there are no symptoms.

 

Exams and Tests

 

The health care provider will perform a physical exam and look inside your mouth. This may reveal a gray to black covering (pseudomembrane) in the throat, enlarged lymph glands , and swelling of the neck or vocal cords.

Tests used may include:

  • Gram stain or throat culture to identify the diphtheria bacteria
  • Toxin assay (to detect the presence of the toxin made by the bacteria)
  • Electrocardiogram ( ECG )

 

Treatment

 

If the provider thinks you have diphtheria, treatment will likely be started right away, even before test results come back.

Diphtheria antitoxin is given as a shot into a muscle or through an IV (intravenous line). The infection is then treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and erythromycin.

You may need to stay in the hospital while getting the antitoxin. Other treatments may include:

  • Fluids by IV
  • Oxygen
  • Bed rest
  • Heart monitoring
  • Insertion of a breathing tube
  • Correction of airway blockages

People without symptoms who carry diphtheria should be treated with antibiotics.

 

Outlook (Prognosis)

 

Diphtheria may be mild or severe. Some people do not have symptoms. In others, the disease can slowly get worse. Recovery from the illness is slow.

People may die, especially when the disease affects the heart.

 

Possible Complications

 

The most common complication is inflammation of the heart muscle ( myocarditis ). The nervous system is also frequently and severely affected, which may result in temporary paralysis .

The diphtheria toxin can also damage the kidneys.

There can also be an allergic response to the antitoxin.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Contact your provider right away if you have come in contact with a person who has diphtheria.

Diphtheria is a rare disease. It is also a reportable disease , and any cases are often publicized in the newspaper or on television. This helps you to know if diphtheria is present in your area.

 

Prevention

 

Routine childhood immunizations and adult boosters prevent the disease.

Anyone who has come into contact with an infected person should get an immunization or booster shot against diphtheria, if they have not already received it. Protection from the vaccine lasts only 10 years. So it is important for adults to get a booster vaccine every 10 years. The booster is called tetanus-diphtheria ( Td ). (The shot also has vaccine medicine for an infection called tetanus .)

If you have been in close contact with a person who has diphtheria, contact your provider right away. Ask whether you need antibiotics to prevent getting diphtheria.

 

 

References

MacGregor RR. Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases . 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 206.

Stechenberg BW. Diphtheria. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, eds. Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 90.

Tiwari TSP, Wharton M. Diphtheria toxoid. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap 12.

 
  • Antibodies - illustration

    Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. The immune system recognizes antigens and produces antibodies that destroy substances containing antigens.

    Antibodies

    illustration

    • Antibodies - illustration

      Antigens are large molecules (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and some non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. The immune system recognizes antigens and produces antibodies that destroy substances containing antigens.

      Antibodies

      illustration

    A Closer Look

     

      Self Care

       

        Tests for Diphtheria

         

           

          Review Date: 12/10/2015

          Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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