Locations Main Campus: Chesterfield, MO 63017   |   Locations
314-434-1500 314-434-1500   |   Contact Us

Multimedia Encyclopedia


 
E-mail Form
Email Results

 
 
Print-Friendly
Bookmarks
bookmarks-menu

Bruise

Contusion; Hematoma

 

A bruise is an area of skin discoloration. A bruise occurs when small blood vessels break and leak their contents into the soft tissue beneath the skin.

Considerations

 

There are three types of bruises:

  • Subcutaneous -- beneath the skin
  • Intramuscular -- within the belly of the underlying muscle
  • Periosteal -- bone bruise

Bruises can last from days to months. A bone bruise is the most severe and painful.

 

Causes

 

Bruises are often caused by falls, sports injuries, car accidents, or blows received from other people or objects.

If you take a blood thinner, such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), you are likely to bruise more easily.

 

Symptoms

 

Main symptoms are pain, swelling, and skin discoloration. The bruise begins as a pinkish red color that can be very tender to touch. It is often difficult to use the muscle that has been bruised. For example, a deep thigh bruise is painful when you walk or run.

Eventually, the bruise changes to a bluish color, then greenish-yellow, and finally returns to the normal skin color as it heals.

 

First Aid

 

  • Place ice on the bruise to help it heal faster and to reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in a clean towel -- do not place ice directly on the skin. Apply the ice for up to 15 minutes each hour.
  • Keep the bruised area raised above the heart, if possible. This helps keep blood from pooling in the bruised tissue.
  • Try to rest the bruised body part by not overworking your muscles in that area.
  • If needed, take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to help reduce pain.

In the rare case of compartment syndrome, surgery is often done to relieve the extreme buildup of pressure.

 

Do Not

 

  • Do not try to drain the bruise with a needle.
  • Do not continue running, playing, or otherwise using the painful, bruised part of your body.
  • Do not ignore the pain or swelling.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

 

Call your health care provider right away if you feel extreme pressure in a bruised part of your body, especially if the area is large or very painful. This may be due to a condition known as compartment syndrome. Increased pressure on the soft tissues and structures beneath the skin can decrease the supply of blood and oxygen to the tissues. This can be life-threatening and you should receive emergency care.

Also call your provider if:

  • You are bruising without any injury, fall, or other reason.
  • There are signs of infection around the bruised area including streaks of redness, pus or other drainage, or fever.

 

Prevention

 

Because bruises are usually the direct result of an injury, the following are important safety recommendations:

  • Teach children how to be safe.
  • Be mindful to avoid falls around the house. For example, be careful when climbing on ladders or other objects. Avoid standing or kneeling on counter tops.
  • Wear seat belts in motor vehicles.
  • Wear proper sports equipment to pad those areas most frequently bruised, such as thigh pads, hip guards, and elbow pads in football and hockey; shin guards and knee pads in soccer and basketball.

 

 

References

Buttaravoli P, Leffler SM. Contusion. In: Buttaravoli P, Leffler SM. Minor Emergencies . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 137.

Safran MR, Zachazewski J, Stone DA. Contusions. In: Safran MR, Zachazewski J, Stone DA. Instructions for Sports Medicine Patients . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:266-267.

 
  • Bone bruise - illustration

    A bone bruise results from compressive forces incurred during an injury. The damaged area occurs in the medullary portion of the bone and can be accompanied by bleeding and swelling. Bruises are often caused by falls, sports injuries, car accidents, or blows from other people or objects. Bruises can last from days to months, with the bone bruise being the most severe and painful.

    Bone bruise

    illustration

  • Muscle bruise - illustration

    A muscle bruise occurs when a direct blow from an object strikes part of the body, damaging the underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin. A muscle bruise can cause pain and swelling and limited range of motion of the joint near the injury. Depending upon the extent of injury, a muscle bruise can take days or months to heal.

    Muscle bruise

    illustration

  • Skin bruise - illustration

    A bruise occurs when a force causes blood vessels to break. Blood leaks into areas under the skin, resulting in pain, swelling, and skin discoloration.

    Skin bruise

    illustration

  • Bruise healing - series

    Presentation

  •  
    • Bone bruise - illustration

      A bone bruise results from compressive forces incurred during an injury. The damaged area occurs in the medullary portion of the bone and can be accompanied by bleeding and swelling. Bruises are often caused by falls, sports injuries, car accidents, or blows from other people or objects. Bruises can last from days to months, with the bone bruise being the most severe and painful.

      Bone bruise

      illustration

    • Muscle bruise - illustration

      A muscle bruise occurs when a direct blow from an object strikes part of the body, damaging the underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin. A muscle bruise can cause pain and swelling and limited range of motion of the joint near the injury. Depending upon the extent of injury, a muscle bruise can take days or months to heal.

      Muscle bruise

      illustration

    • Skin bruise - illustration

      A bruise occurs when a force causes blood vessels to break. Blood leaks into areas under the skin, resulting in pain, swelling, and skin discoloration.

      Skin bruise

      illustration

    • Bruise healing - series

      Presentation

    •  

    Self Care

     

      Tests for Bruise

       

         

        Review Date: 4/11/2015

        Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

        The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

         
         
         

         

         

        A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.



        Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.