Cancer prevention: take charge of your lifestyle
Lifestyle modification - cancer
Like any illness or disease, cancer can occur without warning. Many factors that increase your cancer risk are beyond your control, such as your family history and your genes. Others, such as whether you smoke or get regular cancer screenings, are within your control.
Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.
Changing certain habits can give you a powerful tool to help prevent cancer. It all starts with your lifestyle.
Quit Smoking and Using Tobacco
Quitting smoking has a direct effect on your risk of cancer. Tobacco contains harmful chemicals that damage your cells and cause cancer growth. Harming your lungs is not the only concern. Smoking and tobacco use cause many types of cancer, such as:
- Lung
- Throat
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Bladder
- Kidney
- Pancreatic
- Certain leukemias
- Stomach
- Colon
- Rectum
- Cervix
Tobacco leaves and the chemicals added to them are not safe. Smoking tobacco in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, or chewing tobacco can all give you cancer.
If you smoke, talk with your health care provider today about ways to quit smoking and all tobacco use.
Protect Yourself from UV Rays
The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight can cause changes to your skin. The sun's rays (UVA and UVB) damage skin cells. These harmful rays are also found in tanning beds and sunlamps. Sunburns and many years of sun exposure can lead to skin cancer.
It is unclear whether avoiding the sun or using sunscreen can prevent all skin cancers. Still, you are better off protecting yourself from UV rays:
- Stay in the shade.
- Cover up with protective clothing, a hat, and sunglasses.
- Apply sunscreen 15 to 30 minutes before going outside. Use SPF 30 or higher and reapply every 2 hours if you will be swimming, sweating, or outside in direct sun for a long time.
- Avoid tanning beds and sun lamps.
Maintain a Healthy Weight
Carrying a lot of extra weight creates changes in your hormones. These changes can trigger cancer growth. Being overweight (obese) puts you at higher risk for:
- Breast cancer (after menopause)
- Colon cancer
- Endometrial cancer
- Kidney cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Esophageal cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Gallbladder cancer
Your risk is higher if your body mass index (BMI) is high enough to be considered obese. You can use an online tool to calculate your BMI at www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html . You can also measure your waist to see where you stand. In general, a woman with a waist over 35 inches (89 centimeters) or a man with a waist over 40 inches (102 centimeters) is at increased risk for health problems from obesity.
Exercise regularly and eat healthy foods to keep your weight in check. Ask your provider for advice on how to lose weight safely.
Get Regular Exercise
Exercise is healthy for all, for many reasons. Studies have shown that people who exercise seem to have a lower risk for certain cancers. Exercise can help you keep your weight down. Staying active may help protect you against colon, breast, lung, and endometrial cancers.
According to national guidelines, you should exercise for 2 hours and 30 minutes per week for health benefits. That is 30 minutes at least 5 days per week. Doing more is even better for your health.
Eat Healthy Foods
Good food choices can build up your immune system and may help protect you from cancer. Take these steps:
- Eat more plant-based foods like fruits, beans, legumes, and green vegetables
- Drink water and low-sugar drinks
- Avoid processed foods from boxes and cans
- Avoid processed meats like hotdogs, bacon, and deli meats
- Choose lean proteins such as fish and chicken; limit red meat
- Eat whole grain cereals, pasta, crackers, and breads
- Limit high-calorie fattening foods, such as French fries, doughnuts, and fast foods
- Limit candy, baked goods, and other sweets
- Consume smaller portions of foods and drinks
- Prepare most of your own foods at home, rather than buying pre-made or eating out
- Prepare foods by baking rather than broiling or grilling; avoid heavy sauces and creams
Stay informed. The chemicals and added sweeteners in certain foods are being looked at for their possible links to cancer.
Limit Alcohol
When you drink alcohol, your body has to break it down. During this process, a chemical byproduct is left in the body that can damage cells. Too much alcohol may also get in the way of healthy nutrients your body needs.
Drinking too much alcohol is linked to the following cancers:
- Oral cancer
- Esophageal cancer
- Breast cancer
- Colorectal cancer
- Liver cancer
Limit your alcohol to 2 drinks per day for men and 1 drink per day for women or none at all.
Have Regular Check-ups
Your provider can help you assess your risk for cancer and steps you can take. Visit with your provider for a physical exam . That way you stay on top of what cancer screenings you should have. Screening can help to detect cancer early and improve your chance of recovery.
Provider for a physical exam
All adults should visit their health care provider from time to time, even if they are healthy. The purpose of these visits is to:Screen for disease...
Some infections can also cause cancer. Talk with your provider about whether you should have these vaccinations:
- Human papillomavirus (HPV). The virus increases the risk for cancers of the cervix, penis, vagina, vulvar, anus, and throat.
- Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B infection increases the risk for liver cancer.
When to Call the Doctor
Call your provider if:
- You have questions or concerns about your cancer risk and what you can do
- You are due for a cancer screening test
References
Bevers TB, Brown PH, Maresso KC, Hawk ET. Cancer prevention, screening, and early detection. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology . 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2014:chap 23.
Lemanne D, Cassileth B, Gubili J. The role of physical activity in cancer prevention, treatment, recovery, and survivorship. Oncology (Williston Park) . 2013;27(6):580-585. PMID: 23909073 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23909073 .
National Cancer Institute. Alcohol and cancer risk. Updated June 24, 2013. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/alcohol . Accessed October 27, 2016.
National Cancer Institute. Harms of cigarette smoking and health benefits of quitting. Updated December 3, 2014. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cessation . Accessed October 27, 2016.
National Cancer Institute. Obesity and cancer risk. Updated January 3, 2012. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity . Accessed October 19, 2016.
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Physical activity guidelines. Updated October 19, 2016. www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/chapter4.aspx . Accessed October 19, 2016.
Review Date: 8/22/2016
Reviewed By: Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH, ABIM Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.